Before “adulting” became an internet joke, psychologist Jeffrey Jensen Arnett spent five years interviewing about 300 young people across the United States about what adulthood felt like. One description kept recurring. They felt “in between.” They were no longer adolescents. They were making more of their own decisions, taking responsibility for themselves and separating from the routines that had structured childhood. Yet many still did not feel completely adult. Arnett turned those interviews into the idea of “emerging adulthood,” which he formally proposed in a 2000 paper in American Psychologist . His original theory focused mainly on the late teens through the mid-20s and described a period marked by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, possibilities and the feeling of being somewhere between adolescence and full adulthood. The concept has limits. Arnett himself argued that emerging adulthood is not universal and is most likely to appear in cultures where young peo...
In a 2026 study of self-silencing, a university student given the pseudonym Joy described herself very differently depending on who she was with. She spoke openly with her parents. Their relationship felt stable to her, and she associated it with trust. A close friendship had taught her something else. The friend could become aggressive and sometimes hit her when she did not comply. Joy later told the researcher that she had “lost [her] confidence” and no longer knew how to handle conflict in close relationships. What caught my attention was not simply that Joy became quieter. She had not lost the ability to speak her mind everywhere. She still did it at home. Her silence belonged to particular relationships. Christin Grothaus found the same broad pattern among the 53 young adults she studied at international universities in Thailand. Participants often expressed themselves comfortably in one relationship and held back in another. The strongest dividing line was whether the relati...
Atomic Habits and Man’s Search for Meaning are both routinely filed under personal growth. That should make us suspicious of the category. James Clear is interested in why a person who intends to exercise keeps finding themselves on the sofa. Viktor Frankl was writing about meaning after imprisonment in Nazi concentration camps. One book is partly about making useful behavior easier to repeat. The other asks what remains worth living for when circumstances have stripped away much of a person’s control. Calling both of them “self-improvement” tells us almost nothing about which one somebody should read. The question I would use instead is more practical: what keeps going wrong? If the answer is behavior, there are books for that. If it is time, anxiety, self-criticism or bad judgment, the shelf changes. And if the problem is that all the goals are working but no longer seem particularly meaningful, a productivity book may make things worse by helping somebody become more efficie...